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A distinct type of extrachromosomal DNA, denoted as ecDNA, is commonly observed in human cancer cells. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ecDNA found in cancer cells contain one or more genes that confer a selective advantage. ecDNA are much larger than eccDNA, and are visible by light microscopy. ecDNA in cancers generally range in size from 1-3 MB and beyond ...
The ecDNA notation encompasses all forms of the large gene-containing extrachromosomal DNA found in cancer cells. This type of ecDNA is commonly seen in cancer cells of various histologies, but virtually never in normal tissue. [39] [28] ecDNA are thought to be produced through double-strand breaks in chromosomes or over replication of DNA in ...
Double minutes (DMs) are small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary, colon, and most notably, neuroblastoma. They are a manifestation of gene amplification as a result of chromothripsis , [ 1 ] during the development of tumors, which give the cells selective ...
CpG-islands characteristic in microDNA compared to a single C-G bp. [1] MicroDNA is the most abundant subtype of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA (eccDNA) in humans, typically ranging from 200-400 base pairs in length and enriched in non-repetitive genomic sequences with a high density of exons.
Circular extrachromosomal DNA are not only found in yeast but other eukaryotic organisms. [15] [16] A regulated formation of eccDNA in preblastua Xenopus embryos has been developed. The population of circular rDNA is decreased in embryos, indicative of the circular rDNA migrating to linear DNA, as was shown in their analysis on 2D gel ...
Extrachromosomal DNA in cancer (ecDNA) Relatives: Doborah Kado, M.D. Walter Mischel: Awards: National Academy of Medicine Ernst W. Bertner Prize for Distinbuished Contributions to Cancer Research American Society for Clinical Investigation (President, 2010/2011) American Association of Physicians Fellow, American Association for the Advancement ...
An extrachromosomal array is a method for mosaic analysis in genetics. It is a cosmid, and contains two functioning closely linked genes: a gene of interest and a mosaic marker. Such an array is injected into germ line cells, which already contain mutant (specifically, loss of function) alleles of all three genes in their chromosomal DNA.
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.