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The euro was established in 1999, but "for the first three years it was an invisible currency, used for accounting purposes only, e.g. in electronic payments". [2] In 2002, notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.
The Austrian euro starter kits were released on 15 December 2001. The general public kit was sold for €14.54 (200.07 ATS, however, rounded to 200 ATS), whereas the business starter kits were available much earlier, on 1 September 2001, and each kit contained €145.50 in Austrian euro coins.
The Croatian euro coins are a set of euro coins currently being minted by the Croatian Mint since July 2022. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They are the official euro coins with the national motif of Croatia. The euro was introduced as a replacement for the Croatian kuna on 1 January 2023. [ 4 ]
Dutch euro coins currently use two designs by Erwin Olaf, both of which feature a portrait of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. The new designs began circulating in 2014. [ 1 ] Dutch Euro coins minted from 1999 to 2013 feature a portrait of Queen Beatrix designed by Bruno Ninaber van Eyben .
Luxembourgish euro coins feature three different designs, though they all contain the portrait or effigy of Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg. The designs, by Yvette Gastauer-Claire , also contain the 12 stars of the European flag , the year of imprint and the name of the country in the Luxembourgish language : Lëtzebuerg .
The 2 euro coin (€2) is the highest-value euro coin and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. [2] The coin is made of two alloys : the inner part of nickel brass , the outer part of copper-nickel.
The vast majority of the Irish coins are made of silver, only since 2006 have Irish euro collectors' coins been seen in gold. In 2003, a very special coin was issued, the only one with a face value of €5 minted so far, and the only one made of two colors (not to be confused with bimetal coins), using alloys of other materials.
The 20 euro cent coin (€0.20) has a value of one-fifth of a euro and is composed of an alloy called Nordic Gold in the Spanish flower shape. All euro coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides. The coin has been used since 2002, with the present common side design dating from 2007.