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The idea of a just society first gained modern attention when philosophers such as John Stuart Mill asked, "What is a 'just society'?" [3] Their writings covered several perspectives including allowing individuals to live their lives as long as they didn't infringe on the rights to others, to the idea that the resources of society should be distributed to all, including those most deserving first.
A Theory of Justice is a 1971 work of political philosophy and ethics by the philosopher John Rawls (1921–2002) in which the author attempts to provide a moral theory alternative to utilitarianism and that addresses the problem of distributive justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society).
Sen defends one of Rawls's most fundamental theoretical concepts: justice as fairness. Although this is a vague notion fraught with difficulties in any particular case, he nevertheless views it as one of Rawls's strongest insights while rejecting the necessity of Rawls's two principles of justice emerging from the original position thought ...
Justice is the concept of cardinal virtues, of which it is one. [11] Metaphysical justice has often been associated with concepts of fate, reincarnation or Divine Providence, i.e., with a life in accordance with a cosmic plan. The equivalence of justice and fairness has been historically and culturally established. [12]
Social democratic concepts influence the policies of most Western states since World War 2. [37] Social democracy is frequently considered a practical middle course between capitalism and socialism. Social democracy aims to use democratic collective action for promoting freedom and equality in the economy and opposes what is seen as inequality ...
During the 20th century, philosopher John Searle and sociologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann argued that some socially constructed realities—such as property ownership, citizenship, and marital status—should be considered forms of objective fact, and posited the existence of such socially constructed objective facts as a philosophical or methodological problem to be explored.
People's capacity to convert social goods into a flourishing community is a further criteria for a just society. [ 2 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] However, initiatives have been taken to expand the notion of environmental justice beyond the three pillars of distribution, participation, and recognition to also include the dimensions of self-governing ...
Since the 1960s, the concept of social equity has been used in a variety of institutional contexts, including education and public administration. Social equity within a society is different from social equality based on formal equality of opportunity . [ 2 ]