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Allied with the Habsburg monarchy, the Commonwealth did not directly participate in the Thirty Years' War. Władysław's IV reign was mostly peaceful, with a Russian invasion in the form of the Smolensk War of 1632–1634 successfully repelled. [42] The Orthodox Church hierarchy, banned in Poland after the Union of Brest, was re-established in ...
The international balance of forces did not favour the recovery of statehood when both Russia and Germany appeared bent on the eventual eradication of Polish national identity. The German Empire , established in 1871 as an expanded version of the Prussian state, aimed at the assimilation of its eastern provinces inhabited by Poles.
The ongoing partitions of Poland were a major topic of discourse in The Federalist Papers, where the structure of the government of Poland, and of foreign influence over it, is used in several papers (Federalist No. 14, Federalist No. 19, Federalist No. 22, Federalist No. 39 for examples) as a cautionary tale for the writers of the U.S ...
While Poland did not exist as an independent state during World War I, its geographical position between the fighting powers meant that much fighting and horrific human and material losses occurred on the Polish lands between 1914 and 1918.
It resulted in a series of Polish–Teutonic Wars throughout 14th and 15th centuries. 14th-century papal verdicts ordered the restoration of the area to Poland, however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy the region. [42] In the early 14th century, Poland lost northern Spisz with the town of Podoliniec to the Kingdom of ...
After late-18th-century partitions of Poland, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist, divided between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Russian Empire. [2] Poland’s erasure from Europe became a key to maintaining the European balance of power over the next century.
In 1867, Russia made Poland an official part of the Russian Empire, as opposed to a puppet state. Poland would not regain full independence until the end of World War I when the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire allowed for the resurrection of Polish national sovereignty. [citation needed]
In March 1914, as a result of wind and fog, the Polish schooner Louise & Helene went aground at Hullenakke off the coast of Svaneke. As Poland did not exist as an independent state at that time the ship should properly have been identified as coming from the German Empire, the country that controlled the Baltic coast of the region until after the First World War and the creation of Poland.