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More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to amplification of Arctic temperature changes. [90] Arctic amplification is also thawing permafrost, which releases methane and CO 2 into the atmosphere. [91] Climate change can also cause methane releases from wetlands, marine systems, and freshwater systems. [92]
Climate change can also be used more broadly to include changes to the climate that have happened throughout Earth's history. [32] Global warming—used as early as 1975 [33] —became the more popular term after NASA climate scientist James Hansen used it in his 1988 testimony in the U.S. Senate. [34] Since the 2000s, climate change has ...
The initial change that triggers a feedback may be externally forced, or may arise through the climate system's internal variability. [2]: 2222 External forcing refers to "a forcing agent outside the climate system causing a change in the climate system" [2]: 2229 that may push the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling.
The change in temperature causes stresses on the surface that are in tension, which encourages crack formation and propagation. Ceramics materials are usually susceptible to thermal shock. [2] An example is when glass is heated up to a high temperature and then quickly quenched in cold water. As the temperature of the glass falls rapidly ...
A change in the type, distribution and coverage of vegetation may occur given a change in the climate. Some changes in climate may result in increased precipitation and warmth, resulting in improved plant growth and the subsequent sequestration of airborne CO 2. Though an increase in CO 2 may benefit plants, some factors can diminish this increase.
The rate at which temperature changes with altitude is called the lapse rate. [54] On Earth, the air temperature decreases by about 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F per 1000 ft), on average, although this varies. [54] The temperature lapse is caused by convection. Air warmed by the surface rises. As it rises, air expands and cools. Simultaneously, other air ...
Climate sensitivity is the change in surface air temperature per unit change in radiative forcing, and the climate sensitivity parameter [note 3] is therefore expressed in units of °C/(W/m 2). Climate sensitivity is approximately the same whatever the reason for the radiative forcing (such as from greenhouse gases or solar variation ). [ 26 ]
There are many effects of climate change on oceans. One of the most important is an increase in ocean temperatures. More frequent marine heatwaves are linked to this. The rising temperature contributes to a rise in sea levels due to the expansion of water as it warms and the melting of ice sheets on land.