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Cathode rays or electron beams (e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, glass behind the positive electrode is observed to glow, due to electrons emitted from the cathode (the electrode connected to the negative terminal of the voltage ...
Proximity effect (electron beam lithography) (condensed matter physics) Proximity effect (superconductivity) (superconductivity) Pseudocertainty effect; Pulfrich effect (3D imaging) (optical illusions) Purkinje effect (optical illusions) (perception) (vision) Pygmalion effect (cognitive biases)
Close to an aperture or atoms, often called the "sample", the electron wave would be described in terms of near field or Fresnel diffraction. [12]: Chpt 7-8 This has relevance for imaging within electron microscopes, [1]: Chpt 3 [2]: Chpt 3-4 whereas electron diffraction patterns are measured far from the sample, which is described as far-field or Fraunhofer diffraction. [12]:
Modern 3D Lichtenberg figures or "electrical treeing" in a block of clear acrylic, created by irradiating the block with an electron beam. Actual size: 80 mm × 80 mm × 50 mm (3 in × 3 in × 2 in) Lichtenberg figures are generated by a sliding spark discharge on the flask with a mixture of gases. Structural differences between the "positive ...
Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The term optics is used because magnetic and electrostatic lenses act upon a charged particle beam similarly to optical lenses upon a light beam .
The electron beam is steered by varying the voltage difference across plates in a pair; For example, applying a voltage to the upper plate of the vertical deflection pair, while keeping the voltage in the bottom plate at 0 volts, will cause the electron beam to be deflected towards the upper part of the screen; increasing the voltage in the ...
A familiar example is the generation of light by an electron beam scanning the phosphor-coated inner surface of the screen of a television that uses a cathode-ray tube. Cathodoluminescence is the inverse of the photoelectric effect, in which electron emission is induced by irradiation with photons.
To understand why the RMS emittance takes on a particular value in a storage ring, one needs to distinguish between electron storage rings and storage rings with heavier particles (such as protons). In an electron storage ring, radiation is an important effect, whereas when other particles are stored, it is typically a small effect.