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Margaret A. Newman (October 10, 1933 - December 18, 2018) was an American nurse, university professor and nursing theorist. She authored the theory of health as expanding consciousness, which was influenced by earlier theoretical work by Martha E. Rogers, one of her mentors from graduate school.
Marlene F. Kramer was an American nurse, educator and author. She wrote a 1974 book, Reality Shock: Why Nurses Leave Nursing, which examined burnout in the nursing profession. Her book has been widely cited in subsequent studies on retention and satisfaction within nursing.
Ida Jean Orlando (August 12, 1926 – November 28, 2007) was an American nurse whose theory has significant relevance for nursing in many countries worldwide. [1]Orlando graduated as a nurse from New York Medical College in 1947.
Hildegard E. Peplau (September 1, 1909 – March 17, 1999) [1] was an American nurse and the first published nursing theorist since Florence Nightingale.She created the middle-range nursing theory of interpersonal relations, which helped to revolutionize the scholarly work of nurses.
Virginia Avenel Henderson (November 30, 1897 – March 19, 1996) was an American nurse, researcher, theorist, and writer. [1]Henderson is famous for a definition of nursing: "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the ...
Benner applies this theory to the nursing profession by outlining the same five stages or levels of clinical competency: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. These five levels represent an overall change in two aspects of a nurse's skills, increased independence in reliance on abstract ideas and principles and an ...
Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was a nursing theorist, nursing professor and developer of the concept of transcultural nursing. First published in 1961, [ 1 ] her contributions to nursing theory involve the discussion of what it is to care.
She married Albert Pender, a business and economics professor. They had two children. [2] Pender was named a Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing in 2012. The award has only been given to a few dozen nurses who have made exceptional contributions to the profession. [5] Pender was president of the academy from 1991 to 1993. [1]