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Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra (or, more loosely, for any musical ensemble, such as a concert band) or of adapting music composed for another medium for an orchestra.
Examples for different notations (the instrumentation of John Adams' Harmonielehre is used here as an example): Written out in full: [ 4 ] 4 flutes (2,3,&4= piccolos ), 3 oboes (3= English horn ), 3 clarinets (3= bass clarinet ), bass clarinet, 3 bassoons , contrabassoon , 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones, 2 tubas , timpani , percussion (4 ...
Differences from the original composition may include reharmonization, melodic paraphrasing, orchestration, or formal development. Arranging differs from orchestration in that the latter process is limited to the assignment of notes to instruments for performance by an orchestra, concert band, or other musical ensemble.
Instrumentation is a more general term referring to an orchestrator's, composer's or arranger's selection of instruments in varying combinations, or even a choice made by the performers for a particular performance, as opposed to the narrower sense of orchestration, which is the act of scoring for orchestra a work originally written for a solo ...
International English Language Testing System (IELTS / ˈ aɪ. ɛ l t s /) [6] is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, [6] and was established in 1989. IELTS is one of the major English-language tests ...
A drop-2 voicing lowers the second voice by an octave. For example, a C-major triad has three "drop-2 voicings". Reading down from the top voice, they are C E G, E G C, and G C E, which can be heard as the voicings supporting the first three melody notes (following the introductory phrase) of the Super Mario Bros. video game theme. [18]
This example from the 2nd horn part Overture to Der Freischütz contains cue notes showing the 4th and 3rd horn parts, in order to aid proper entrance. Play ⓘ Cue in orchestral music In musical notation , a cue note is or cue notes are indications informing players , "of important passages being played by other instruments, such as an ...
Notable orchestration devices include the first movement's lack of violins, the use of a piccolo, clarinets, one pair of horns, trumpets, a tuba, and timpani throughout the work, as well as the use of harps at the close of both the first and seventh movements, most striking in the latter because at that point they have not played since the ...