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The concept of communicative competence, as developed in linguistics, originated in response to perceived inadequacy of the notion of linguistic competence.That is, communicative competence encompasses a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, but reconceives this knowledge as a functional, social understanding of how and when to use utterances ...
Dell Hathaway Hymes (June 7, 1927, in Portland, Oregon – November 13, 2009, in Charlottesville, Virginia) was a linguist, sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist who established disciplinary foundations for the comparative, ethnographic study of language use.
In linguistics, linguistic competence is the system of unconscious knowledge that one knows when they know a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance , which includes all other factors that allow one to use one's language in practice.
He drew from a previous linguistic anthropologist Hymes (1972) term of "communicative competence" in that social expectations within a speech community shape the member's use of language. [9] Thus, diverse backgrounds in language have a different set of expectations that a member conforms to. As language differs, so does the developmental ...
Dell Hymes proposed the ethnography of communication as an approach towards analyzing patterns of language use within speech communities, in order to provide support for his idea of communicative competence, which itself was a reaction to Noam Chomsky's distinction between linguistic competence and linguistic performance. [3]
Hymes did not make a concrete formulation of communicative competence, but subsequent authors, notably Michael Canale, have tied the concept to language teaching. [12] Canale and Swain (1980) defined communicative competence in terms of three components: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence.
Communicative competence: the ability to communicate adequately, both verbally and nonverbally. Linguistic competence: the mastery of a specific language, including grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. This list is not exhaustive. Competence typologies cover a wide range, with new typologies emerging regularly to address specific contexts.
The term communication strategy was introduced by Selinker in 1972, [4] and the first systematic analysis of communication strategies was made by Varadi in 1973. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] There were various other studies in the 1970s, but the real boom in communication strategy scholarship came in the 1980s.