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The Hawking singularity theorem is based on the Penrose theorem and it is interpreted as a gravitational singularity in the Big Bang situation. Penrose shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2020 "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity".
Their use as a method of analysing spacetimes using tetrads, in particular, in the Newman–Penrose formalism is important. Another appealing feature of spinors in general relativity is the condensed way in which some tensor equations may be written using the spinor formalism.
Stephen W. Hawking (Hawking-Penrose singularity theorems, Hawking radiation, black-hole thermodynamics, monograph, Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term), Charles W. Hellaby (cosmological models), David Hilbert (Hilbert's action principle), Banesh Hoffmann (EIH approximation), Fred Hoyle (steady-state cosmology), Russell Hulse (Hulse–Taylor pulsar)
Roger Penrose first formulated the cosmic censorship hypothesis in 1969. The hypothesis was first formulated by Roger Penrose in 1969, [ 2 ] and it is not stated in a completely formal way. In a sense it is more of a research program proposal: part of the research is to find a proper formal statement that is physically reasonable, falsifiable ...
In general relativity, the Raychaudhuri equation, or Landau–Raychaudhuri equation, [1] is a fundamental result describing the motion of nearby bits of matter.. The equation is important as a fundamental lemma for the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems and for the study of exact solutions in general relativity, but has independent interest, since it offers a simple and general validation ...
According to the mathematical physicist John Baez from the University of California, Riverside, The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time was "the first book to provide a detailed description of the revolutionary topological methods introduced by Penrose and Hawking in the early seventies." [4]
Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri (14 September 1923 – 18 June 2005) was an Indian physicist, known for his research in general relativity and cosmology.His most significant contribution is the eponymous Raychaudhuri equation, which demonstrates that singularities arise inevitably in general relativity and is a key ingredient in the proofs of the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems. [5]
Both the Bray and Huisken–Ilmanen proofs of the Riemannian Penrose inequality state that under the hypotheses, if m = A 16 π , {\displaystyle m={\sqrt {\frac {A}{16\pi }}},} then the manifold in question is isometric to a slice of the Schwarzschild spacetime outside its outermost minimal surface, which is a sphere of Schwarzschild radius .