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M. catarrhalis is a large, kidney-shaped, Gram-negative diplococcus. It can be cultured on blood and chocolate agar plates after an aerobic incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours. Cultures revealed gray-white hemispheric colonies about 1 mm in diameter. These colonies were fragile and easy to crumble, and appeared to have a waxy surface.
The Gonochek II test, a commercial biochemical test, is used to differentiate between Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The principle behind this test is to use enzymes native to the organism to create a colored product in the presence of foreign molecules.
Bacilli usually have a rod or cylinder shape. Examples include Listeria, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli.. Yersinia enterocolitica colonies growing on XLD agar plates Escherichia coli Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells
Moraxella is a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Moraxellaceae. It is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Victor Morax . The organisms are short rods , coccobacilli , or as in the case of Moraxella catarrhalis , diplococci in morphology, with asaccharolytic, oxidase -positive, and catalase -positive properties. [ 2 ]
Cystine tryptic agar (CTA), also known as cystine trypticase agar, [1] [2] is a growth medium used for the identification of microorganisms. [ 3 ] It can be used to determine if organisms can ferment various carbohydrates , including maltose , lactose , and sucrose .
Examples of gram-negative diplococci are Neisseria spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis. Examples of gram-positive diplococci are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. [10] [11] Presumably, diplococcus has been implicated in encephalitis lethargica. [12] The genus Neisseria belongs to the family Neisseriaceae.
In alternative manner, live bacteria cultivated on trypticase soy agar plates may be prepared using sterile technique with a single-line streak inoculation. The inoculated plates are incubated at 37 °C for 24–48 hours to establish colonies. Fresh bacterial preparations should be used.
A sputum sample will also be obtained to ascertain the causative bacteria. This also plays a role in informing treatment options. [5] [6] In some cases, pulse oximetry may also be required as pneumonia is known to deplete oxygen levels in the blood. [7] Other vitals such as pulse and body temperature are also checked.