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The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. The Tortonian and Messinian stages comprise the Late Miocene sub-epoch, which lasted from 11.63 Ma ( million years ago ) to 5.333 Ma.
The Neogene (/ ˈ n iː. ə dʒ iː n / NEE-ə-jeen, [6] [7]) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period 23.04 million years ago to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period 2.58 million years ago.
The Quaternary (/ k w ə ˈ t ɜːr n ə r i, ˈ k w ɒ t ər n ɛr i / kwə-TUR-nə-ree, KWOT-ər-nerr-ee) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the Phanerozoic eon. [3]
This genus is known in the fossil records from the latest Miocene to the Quaternary (age range: from 5.332 to 1.806 million years ago). Fossils are found in the marine strata of Italy, the Netherlands, the Bahía Inglesa Formation of the Caldera Basin, Chile and in the fossiliferous Pisco Formation of Peru.
The Tortonian is in the geologic time scale an age or stage of the late Miocene that spans the time between 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma and 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago) [citation needed]. It follows the Serravallian and is followed by the Messinian .
In chemistry, a quaternary compound is a compound consisting of exactly four chemical elements. In another use of the term in organic chemistry , a quaternary compound is or has a cation consisting of a central positively charged atom with four substituents, especially organic ( alkyl and aryl ) groups, discounting hydrogen atoms.
Quaternary is a term used in organic chemistry to classify various types of compounds (e. g. amines and ammonium salts). [1]
The MNQ (Mammal Neogene Quaternary) scheme added an additional 12 units in total, MNQ 16–27. For small mammals there is a third scheme, the MmQ, published by Agustí, Moyà‐Solà, and Pons‐Moyà in 1987. [ 12 ]