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The legal code was a common feature of the legal systems of the ancient Middle East. Many of them are examples of cuneiform law. The oldest evidence of a code of law was found at Ebla, in modern Syria (c. 2400 BC). [1] The Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100 –2050 BC), then the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BC), are amongst the ...
The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest known surviving law code. It is from Mesopotamia and is written on tablets, in the Sumerian language c. 2100–2050 BCE . It contains strong statements of royal power like "I eliminated enmity, violence, and cries for justice."
There are also similarities between the Code of Hamurabi and the Covenant Code: in the casuistic format, in principles such as lex talionis ("eye for an eye"), and in the content of the provisions. Some similarities are striking, such as in the provisions concerning a man-goring ox (Code of Hammurabi laws 250–252, [85] Exodus 21:28–32). [163]
Ancient church orders (11 P) B. Building codes (1 C, 30 P) C. Civil codes (1 C, 44 P) ... Code of law; A. List of ancient legal codes; Asuka Kiyomihara Code; B ...
The laws are formulated as case laws; they start with a condition, and a ruling follows, e.g. "If anyone tears off the ear of a male or female slave, he shall pay 3 shekels of silver". The laws show an aversion to the death penalty; the usual penalty for serious offenses being enslavement to forced labour.
The Code of Lipit-Ishtar is a collection of laws promulgated by Lipit-Ishtar (r. 1934 – 1924 BCE ), a ruler in Lower Mesopotamia. As cuneiform law, it is a legal code written in cuneiform script in the Sumerian language. [2] [3] It is the second-oldest known extant legal code after the Code of Ur-Nammu.
Assyrian law, also known as the Middle Assyrian Laws (MAL) or the Code of the Assyrians, was an ancient legal code developed between 1450 and 1250 BCE in the Middle Assyrian Empire. [ 1 ] : 272 It was very similar to Sumerian and Babylonian law , [ 2 ] although the penalties for offenses were generally more brutal. [ 2 ]
Babylonian law is a subset of cuneiform law that has received particular study due to the large amount of archaeological material that has been found for it. So-called "contracts" exist in the thousands, including a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts, and most important of all, actual legal decisions given by the judges in the law courts.