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If at every point in the cycle the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, the cycle is reversible. Whether carried out reversible or irreversibly, the net entropy change of the system is zero, as entropy is a state function. During a closed cycle, the system returns to its original thermodynamic state of temperature and pressure.
This is accomplished by solving heat equations in both regions, subject to given boundary and initial conditions. At the interface between the phases (in the classical problem) the temperature is set to the phase change temperature. To close the mathematical system a further equation, the Stefan condition, is required. This is an energy balance ...
Period doubling in the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation with periodic boundary conditions. The curves depict solutions of the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation projected onto the energy phase plane (E, dE/dt), where E is the L 2-norm of the solution. For ν = 0.056, there exists a periodic orbit with period T ≈ 1.1759.
An example of a cycle of idealized thermodynamic processes which make up the Stirling cycle. A quasi-static thermodynamic process can be visualized by graphically plotting the path of idealized changes to the system's state variables. In the example, a cycle consisting of four quasi-static processes is shown.
An example is the Meeus smoothing formula, [7] with related solar cycles characteristics available in this STCE news item. [8] The start of solar cycle 25 was declared by SIDC on September 15, 2020 as being in December 2019. [9] This makes cycle 24 the only "11-year solar cycle" to have lasted precisely 11 years.
A Carnot cycle is an ideal thermodynamic cycle proposed by French physicist Sadi Carnot in 1824 and expanded upon by others in the 1830s and 1840s. By Carnot's theorem, it provides an upper limit on the efficiency of any classical thermodynamic engine during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration system in creating a temperature difference through ...
A trivial example of this is the harmonic oscillator. Systems that do cover all accessible phase volume are called ergodic (this of course depends on the definition of "accessible volume"). What can be said is that for "almost any" starting phase, a system will eventually return arbitrarily close to that starting phase.
A set with a cyclic order is called a cyclically ordered set or simply a cycle. Some familiar cycles are discrete, having only a finite number of elements: there are seven days of the week, four cardinal directions, twelve notes in the chromatic scale, and three plays in rock-paper-scissors. In a finite cycle, each element has a "next element ...