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The establishment of the Regency of Algiers by the Barbarossa brothers gave the Muslim corso a solid territorial base, which was organized in its beginnings for self-defence as well as holy war; described as al-jihad fi'l-bahr (holy war at sea) against the Spanish Empire and the Christian Knights who continued the work of the crusades. [1]
Hayreddin Barbarossa and Oruç Reis, the Turkish Barbarossa brothers, who took control of Algiers on behalf of the Ottomans in the early 16th century, were also notorious corsairs. The European pirates brought advanced sailing and shipbuilding techniques to the Barbary Coast around 1600, which enabled the corsairs to extend their activities ...
The first sort of commerce raiding was for nations to commission privateers.Early instances of this type of warfare were by the English and Dutch against the Spanish treasure fleets of the 16th century, which resulted in financial gain for both captain and crew upon capture of enemy vessels ("prizes").
William Towerson was an English merchant who wrote brief narratives of three trading expeditions to North-West Africa (which he called Guinea) occurring in 1555–1556, 1556–1557, and 1558. [1] These were collected and published by Richard Hakluyt. The expeditions were apparently funded by the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands.
He is considered to be the first English merchant to profit from the Triangle Trade, selling enslaved people from Africa to the Spanish colonies in the West Indies in the late 16th century. [ 1 ] In 1588, Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral and fought in the victory over the Spanish Armada , for which he was knighted for gallantry.
Pages in category "16th-century English merchants" The following 90 pages are in this category, out of 90 total. ... William Towerson (16th-century merchant)
16th-century slave traders (5 P) Pages in category "16th-century merchants" The following 21 pages are in this category, out of 21 total.
Religious tensions remained strong throughout the second half of the 16th century. The Peace of Augsburg began to unravel as some bishops converting to Protestantism refused to give up their bishoprics. This was evident from the Cologne War (1582–83), a conflict initiated when the prince-archbishop of the city converted to Calvinism.