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The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy (the process of relating strata to time) and geochronology (a scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks).
Analogue modelling can be used to simulate different geodynamic processes and geological phenomena, such as small-scale problems – folding, fracturing, boudinage and shear zone, and large-scale problems – subduction, collision, diapirism, and mantle convection. [1] [4] The following are some examples of applications of analogue modelling.
Simulation of seismic wave propagation in global scale using supercomputer to solve wave equations [1]. In geology, numerical modeling is a widely applied technique to tackle complex geological problems by computational simulation of geological scenarios.
Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the ages of rock strata in relation to time.. The ultimate aim of chronostratigraphy is to arrange the sequence of deposition and the time of deposition of all rocks within a geological region, and eventually, the entire geologic record of the Earth.
The latest version of the geologic time scale was published in 2004, [6] and includes a comparison of present and past time scales. The greater efforts of geochronometry today are aimed at retrieving accurate ages of major events in the Earth's history and of stage / age boundaries.
In the stratigraphy sub-discipline of geology, a Global Standard Stratigraphic Age, abbreviated GSSA, is a chronological reference point and criterion in the geologic record used to define the boundaries (an internationally sanctioned benchmark point) between different geological periods, epochs or ages on the overall geologic time scale in a chronostratigraphically useful rock layer.
The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most ...
Because defining a GSSP depends on finding well-preserved geologic sections and identifying key events, this task becomes more difficult as one goes farther back in time. Before 630 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as "Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages" (GSSAs).