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Applications include the heading of bolts and cap screws and the finishing of cold rolled steel. In cold forming, metal is formed at high speed and high pressure using tool steel or carbide dies. The cold working of the metal increases the hardness, yield strength, and tensile strength. [7]
Cold-rolled 45 65 1.44 22 Hot-rolled and cold-rolled high-strength low-alloy columbium and/or vanadium steel sheet and strip A607 Class I Gr.45 45 60 1.33 Hot rolled (23) Cold rolled (22) Gr.50 50 65 1.30 Hot rolled (20) Cold rolled (20) Gr.55 55 70 1.27 Hot rolled (18) Cold rolled (18) Gr.60 60 75 1.25 Hot rolled (16) Cold rolled (16) Gr.65 65 80
In one study, strain hardening exponent values extracted from tensile data from 58 steel pipes from natural gas pipelines were found to range from 0.08 to 0.25, [1] with the lower end of the range dominated by high-strength low alloy steels and the upper end of the range mostly normalized steels.
Mohs hardness of materials (data page) Vickers hardness test; Brinell scale This page was last edited on ...
Steel, stainless steels, hard cast irons, pearlitic malleable iron, titanium, titanium alloys, deep case-hardened steel, other materials harder than 100 HRB: 100: 500 D: HRD: 100: spheroconical diamond † Thin steel and medium case-hardened steel and pearlitic malleable iron: 100: 500 E: HRE: 100: 1 ⁄ 8 in (3.18 mm) ball
A variety of hardness-testing methods are available, including the Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell, Meyer and Leeb tests. Although it is impossible in many cases to give an exact conversion, it is possible to give an approximate material-specific comparison table for steels.
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