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Graphene (/ ˈ ɡ r æ f iː n /) [1] is a carbon allotrope consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a honeycomb planar nanostructure. [2] [3] The name "graphene" is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, indicating the presence of double bonds within the carbon structure.
Graphene is the only form of carbon (or solid material) in which every atom is available for chemical reaction from two sides (due to the 2D structure). Atoms at the edges of a graphene sheet have special chemical reactivity. Graphene has the highest ratio of edge atoms of any allotrope. Defects within a sheet increase its chemical reactivity. [1]
The basic chemical reaction involved in the Hummers' method is the oxidation of graphite, introducing molecules of oxygen to the pure carbon graphene. The reaction occurs between the graphene and the concentrated sulfuric acid with the potassium permanganate and sodium nitrate acting as catalysts.
The pressure on a pressure-temperature diagram (such as the water phase diagram shown above) is the partial pressure of the substance in question. A phase diagram in physical chemistry , engineering , mineralogy , and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct ...
A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications. [1]Isolated 2D crystals cannot be grown via chemical synthesis beyond small sizes even in principle, because the rapid growth of phonon density with increasing lateral size forces 2D crystallites to bend into the third dimension. [2]
Bilayer graphene is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. One of the first reports of bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 Science paper by Geim and colleagues, [ 1 ] in which they described devices "which contained just one, two, or three atomic layers"
Graphene doped with various gaseous species (both acceptors and donors) can be returned to an undoped state by gentle heating in vacuum. [22] [24] Even for dopant concentrations in excess of 10 12 cm −2 carrier mobility exhibits no observable change. [24] Graphene doped with potassium in ultra-high vacuum at low temperature can reduce ...
As opposed to melt polymerization, interfacial polymerization reactions can be accomplished using standard laboratory equipment and under atmospheric conditions. [3] This first interfacial polymerization was accomplished using the Schotten–Baumann reaction, [3] a method to synthesize amides from amines and acid chlorides.