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Chemically, levodopa is an amino acid, a phenethylamine, and a catecholamine. [3] Levodopa was first synthesized and isolated in the early 1910s. [3] The antiparkinsonian effects of levodopa were discovered in the 1950s and 1960s. [3] Following this, it was introduced for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in 1970. [3]
l-DOPA, also known as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and used medically as levodopa, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants [2] and animals, including humans. Humans, as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize l -DOPA, make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid l -tyrosine .
[4] [27] Levodopa was first synthesized in 1911 by Casimir Funk, but it received little attention until the mid 20th century. [12] It entered clinical practice in 1967, and the first large study reporting improvements in people with Parkinson's disease resulting from treatment with levodopa was published in 1968.
Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs. [13] [14] Use of the opium poppy for medical, recreational, and religious purposes can be traced to the 4th century BCE, when Hippocrates wrote about it for its analgesic properties, stating, "Divinum opus est sedare dolores." ("Divine work is the easing of pain") [15]
[6] [10] Carbidopa prevents the breakdown of levodopa outside the brain. [10] In the brain, levodopa is broken down into dopamine, its active form. [10] Carbidopa also helps prevent some of the nausea which levodopa causes. [11] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [12] It is available as a generic medication. [10]
The world’s oldest wine has been discovered at a Roman burial site in Spain, and one thing is clear — it definitely had body. For roughly 2,000 years, ...
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Cotzias was born in Chania on the island of Crete, Greece on 16 June 1918. He was son of the two-times (1934 and 1951) mayor of Athens, Costas Cotzias.He started his medical studies at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, but fled to USA with his father when German troops invaded Athens (1941).