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The standard model is a quantum field theory, meaning its fundamental objects are quantum fields, which are defined at all points in spacetime. QFT treats particles as excited states (also called quanta) of their underlying quantum fields, which are more fundamental than the particles. These fields are
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)" , or the Eightfold Way , the successful classification scheme organizing the large number of lighter hadrons that ...
Spinor and scalar Yukawa model; Scalar and gauge Scalar electrodynamics; Scalar chromodynamics; Yang–Mills–Higgs; Spinor and gauge Quantum electrodynamics (QED) Schwinger model (1+1D case of QED) Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) Scalar, spinor and gauge Standard Model
A similar mysterious situation was with the Δ ++ baryon; in the quark model, it is composed of three up quarks with parallel spins. In 1964–65, Greenberg [ 19 ] and Han – Nambu [ 20 ] independently resolved the problem by proposing that quarks possess an additional SU(3) gauge degree of freedom , later called color charge.
If two quarks have oppositely aligned spins, the spin vectors add up to make a vector of length S = 0, and only one spin projection ( S z = 0 ), called a scalar meson or spin-0 singlet. Because mesons are made of one quark and one antiquark, they are found in triplet and singlet spin states.
However, when the temperature reaches the QCD energy scale (T of order 10 12 kelvins) or the density rises to the point where the average inter-quark separation is less than 1 fm (quark chemical potential μ around 400 MeV), the hadrons are melted into their constituent quarks, and the strong interaction becomes the dominant feature of the ...
In quantum field theory, scalar chromodynamics, also known as scalar quantum chromodynamics or scalar QCD, is a gauge theory consisting of a gauge field coupled to a scalar field. This theory is used experimentally to model the Higgs sector of the Standard Model. It arises from a coupling of a scalar field to gauge fields.
A theory of quantum gravity is needed in order to reconcile these differences. [16] Whether this theory should be background-independent is an open question. The answer to this question will determine the understanding of what specific role gravitation plays in the fate of the universe.