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a noun ending in k + -em > kiem; a noun ending in k + plural i > ki or cy > a noun ending in g + -em > giem; a noun ending in g + plural i > gi or dzy > a noun ending in ch + plural i > si or chy; Some words are subject to certain vowel alternations, caused by historical sound changes in Polish. The alternations are as follows (they do not ...
-ity (usually changes adjectives into nouns)-less (usually changes nouns into adjectives)-like (usually changes nouns into adjectives)-logy/-ology (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun)-ly (usually changes adjectives into adverbs, but also some nouns into adjectives)-ment (usually changes verbs into nouns)
After the numerals dwa, trzy, cztery (2, 3, 4), and compound numbers ending with them (22, 23, 24, etc. but not 12, 13, or 14, which take -naście as a suffix and are thus not compound numbers in the first place), the noun is plural and takes the same case as the numeral, and the resulting noun phrase is plural (e.g. 4 koty stały, "4 cats stood").
A word family is the base form of a word plus its inflected forms and derived forms made with suffixes and prefixes [1] plus its cognates, i.e. all words that have a common etymological origin, some of which even native speakers don't recognize as being related (e.g. "wrought (iron)" and "work(ed)"). [2]
The ology ending is a combination of the letter o plus logy in which the letter o is used as an interconsonantal letter which, for phonological reasons, precedes the morpheme suffix logy. [1] Logy is a suffix in the English language, used with words originally adapted from Ancient Greek ending in -λογία ( -logia ).
So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. "the French", "the Dutch") provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify). Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms are also used for various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words.
Demonyms ending in -ese are the same in the singular and plural forms. The ending -man has feminine equivalent -woman (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine.
In contrast, a derivation resulting in a verb may be called verbalization (such as from the noun butter to the verb to butter). Some words have specific exceptions to these patterns. For example, inflammable actually means flammable, and de-evolution is spelled with only one e, as devolution.