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The hot film MAF sensor works somewhat similar to the hot wire MAF sensor, but instead it usually outputs a frequency signal. This sensor uses a hot film-grid instead of a hot wire. [3] It is commonly found in late 1980s and early 1990s fuel-injected vehicles. The output frequency is directly proportional to the air mass entering the engine.
This requires the use of an alternative method of calculating airflow into the engine, which is also referred to as 'Speed-Density' system, as opposed to a MAF system. On vehicles so equipped, this alternative involves the use of a manifold absolute pressure, or MAP, sensor. The MAP sensor measures pressure in the engine's inlet manifold.
Typically, mass air flow measurements are expressed in the units of kilograms per second (kg/s) or feet per minute (fpm), which can be converted to volume measurements of cubic metres per second (cumecs) [1] or cubic feet per minute (cfm). [2]
The use of a vane-type air flow meter (AFM), which restricted air flow slightly but produced cleaner emissions that conformed to the U.S. regulations, limited the power considerably - the Japanese model, which uses a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, was originally rated at 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp). However, this was a gross power rating ...
[68] [69] The Evinrude E-Tec is an improved version of the Ficht system, which was released in 2003 [70] and won an EPA Clean Air Excellence Award in 2004. [ 71 ] Envirofit International , an American non-profit organisation, has developed direct injection retrofit kits for two-stroke motorcycles (using technology developed by Orbital ...
Additionally, their applications are much different. Thermal dispersion flow meters are commonly used for general industrial gas flow applications in pipes and ducts, whereas capillary types are primarily used for smaller flows of clean gases or liquids in tubes. This type is most widely used for thermal mass flow meters in industry.
A MAF sensor was used instead of a MAP sensor, however, unlike with the 16-valve "smallport" version of the 4A-GE engine offered in the earlier AE92 series. Because of this, it requires the use of an intake plenum. Maximum power was 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp).
The Nissan ZD30 engine family is a 3.0-litre (2,953 cc) inline-four cylinder diesel engine with a bore and stroke of 96 mm × 102 mm (3.78 in × 4.02 in), that replaced the Nissan QD, BD and TD engines.