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The Yamnaya culture [a] or the Yamna culture, [b] also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BC. [2]
Around 3,000 BC, people of the Yamnaya culture or a closely related group, [2] who had high levels of WSH ancestry with some additional Neolithic farmer admixture, [5] [10] embarked on a massive expansion throughout Eurasia, which is considered to be associated with the dispersal of at least some of the Indo-European languages by most ...
[2] [3] Autosomal genetic studies suggest that the Corded Ware culture originated from the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the steppe-forest zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures, [4] [5] [6] evolving in parallel with (although under significant influence from) the Yamnaya; while the idea of direct male ...
The four Corded Ware people could trace an astonishing three-quarters of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, according to the paper. That suggests a massive migration of Yamnaya people from their steppe homeland into Eastern Europe about 4500 years ago when the Corded Ware culture began, perhaps carrying an early form of Indo-European language.
The proto-Indo-Europeans, i.e. the Yamnaya people and the related cultures, seem to have been a mix from Eastern European hunter-gatherers; and people related to the Near East, [92] i.e. Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) [93] i.e. Iran Chalcolithic people with a Caucasian hunter-gatherer component. [94]
This was the dominant lineage among males of the earlier Yamnaya culture. [75] The eleven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to the haplogroups U3, M, U1a'c, T, F1b, N1a1a1a1a, T2, U2e2, H2a1f, T1a, and U5a1d2b. [76] The Sarmatians examined were found to be closely related to peoples of the earlier Yamnaya culture and to the Poltavka culture. [77]
Yamna culture, or Yamnaya, Pit Grave, or Ochre Grave culture, early Bronze Age culture on the Russian steppes Yamna language , or Sunum, an Austronesian language spoken on the coast and an island of Jayapura Bay in Papua province, Indonesia
[4] David Anthony suggests that the Repin culture may have specialized in horse breeding for export to the north Caucasus region. [5] Finds demonstrate a relatively advanced regional tradition of metallurgy, based on extracting copper from local Kargala sandstone, which remained the main source of copper in the later Yamnaya culture. [4]