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The level of gene flow among populations can be estimated by observing the dispersal of individuals and recording their reproductive success. [4] [11] This direct method is only suitable for some types of organisms, more often indirect methods are used that infer gene flow by comparing allele frequencies among population samples.
Allopatric speciation (from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos) 'other' and πατρίς (patrís) 'fatherland') – also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant speciation, or its earlier name the dumbbell model [1]: 86 – is a mode of speciation that occurs when biological populations become geographically isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow.
In 2007 a Working Group on Genetic Monitoring was launched with joint support from NCEAS [50] and NESCent [51] to further develop the techniques involved and provide general monitoring guidance for policy makers and managers. [52] Currently the topic is covered in several well known text books, including McComb et al. (2010) and Allendorf et al ...
Gene flow is hindered by mountain ranges, oceans and deserts or even human-made structures such as the Great Wall of China, which has hindered the flow of plant genes. [51] Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations or species, breaking down the structure. Examples of gene flow within a species include the migration and then ...
Molecular biology techniques are common methods used in molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics and biophysics which generally involve manipulation and analysis of DNA, RNA, protein, and lipid Wikimedia Commons has media related to Molecular biology techniques .
Maintained gene flow between two populations can also lead to a combination of the two gene pools, reducing the genetic variation between the two groups. It is for this reason that gene flow strongly acts against speciation , by recombining the gene pools of the groups, and thus, repairing the developing differences in genetic variation that ...
Ab Initio gene prediction is an intrinsic method based on gene content and signal detection. Because of the inherent expense and difficulty in obtaining extrinsic evidence for many genes, it is also necessary to resort to ab initio gene finding, in which the genomic DNA sequence alone is systematically searched for certain tell-tale signs of protein-coding genes.
Specific genetic techniques are used to assess the genomes of a species regarding specific conservation issues as well as general population structure. [14] This analysis can be done in two ways, with current DNA of individuals or historic DNA. [15] Techniques for analysing the differences between individuals and populations include Alloenzymes