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Islamic law did not recognize the classes of slave from pre-Islamic Arabia including those sold or given into slavery by themselves and others, and those indebted into slavery. [8] Though a free Muslim could not be enslaved, conversion to Islam by a non-Muslim slave did not require that he or she then should be liberated.
Muhammad Qutb, brother and promoter of the Egyptian author and revolutionary Sayyid Qutb, vigorously defended Islamic slavery from Western criticism, telling his audience that "Islam gave spiritual enfranchisement to slaves" and "in the early period of Islam the slave was exalted to such a noble state of humanity as was never before witnessed ...
Race and Slavery in the Middle East: an Historical Enquiry is a 1990 book written by the British historian Bernard Lewis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The book details the Islamic history of slavery in the Middle East from its earliest incarnations until its abolition in the various countries of the region.
Muslim enslavers where by Islamic law permitted to breed slaves. While the child of a slave became free if her master choose to awknowledge the child as his, the child of two slaves was born a slave. Since slaves where considered to have different abilities because of their race, slave-breeding was practiced to produce offspring of desired traits.
The slave trade from Africa to Arabia via the Red Sea had ancient Pre-Islamic roots, and the commercial slave trade was not interrupted by Islam. While in Pre-Islamic Arabia, Arab war captives were common targets of slavery, importation of slaves from Ethiopia across the Red Sea also took place. [16]
There was also a gradation in the status on the slave, and his descendants, after the slave converted to Islam. [127] Under Islamic law, in "what might be called civil matters", a slave was "a chattel with no legal powers or rights whatsoever", states Lewis. A slave could not own or inherit property or enter into a contract.
In Islamic law, a mukataba (مكاتبة) is a contract of manumission between a master and a slave according to which the slave is required to pay a certain sum of money during a specific time period in exchange for freedom. In the legal literature, slaves who enter this contract are known as mukatab.
Islam and slavery may refer to: Islamic views on slavery in theology / jurisprudence; Islamic views on concubinage in theology / jurisprudence; History of slavery in the Muslim world; History of concubinage in the Muslim world; Arab slave trade; Saqaliba; Slavery in 21st-century jihadism; Ma malakat aymanukum