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The second class of high-temperature superconductors in the practical classification is the iron-based compounds. [8] [9] Magnesium diboride is sometimes included in high-temperature superconductors: It is relatively simple to manufacture, but it superconducts only below 39 K (−234.2 °C), which makes it unsuitable for liquid nitrogen cooling.
From about 1993, the highest-temperature superconductor known was a ceramic material consisting of mercury, barium, calcium, copper and oxygen (HgBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 8+δ) with T c = 133–138 K. [61] [62] In February 2008, an iron-based family of high-temperature superconductors was discovered.
The ceramic superconductors are also called high-temperature or liquid-nitrogen-temperature superconductors. Because liquid nitrogen is relatively inexpensive and easier to handle, there is a greater interest in the ceramic superconductor machines than the liquid helium cooled metal superconductor machines.
The table below shows some of the parameters of common superconductors. X:Y means material X doped with element Y, T C is the highest reported transition temperature in kelvins and H C is a critical magnetic field in tesla. "BCS" means whether or not the superconductivity is explained within the BCS theory.
In 1986, J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Mueller discovered superconductivity in a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite material, which had a transition temperature of 35 K (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1987) and was the first of the high-temperature superconductors.
The most famous ReBCO is yttrium barium copper oxide, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x (or Y123), the first superconductor found with a critical temperature above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. [10] Its molar ratio is 1 to 2 to 3 for yttrium, barium, and copper and it has a unit cell consisting of subunits, which is the typical structure of perovskites .
Explore the shocking discovery in high-temperature superconductors that may initiate a new era of power. A Shocking Discovery in High-Temperature Superconductors May Start the New Age of Power ...
The suburban Long Island electrical substation is fed by a 2,000 foot (600 m) underground cable system which consists of about 99 miles (159 km) of high-temperature superconductor wire manufactured by American Superconductor chilled to −371 °F (−223.9 °C; 49.3 K) with liquid nitrogen, [dubious – discuss] greatly reducing the cost ...