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Geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), also known as geranyl diphosphate (GDP), is the pyrophosphate ester of the terpenoid geraniol. Its salts are colorless. Its salts are colorless. It is a precursor to many thousands of natural products .
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of diterpenes and diterpenoids. [1] It is also the precursor to carotenoids , gibberellins , tocopherols , and chlorophylls . It is also a precursor to geranylgeranylated proteins, which is its primary use in human cells.
Geranyl chloride also arises by the Appel reaction by treating geraniol with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] It can be oxidized to the aldehyde geranial . [ 12 ] Hydrogenation of the two C=C bonds over a nickel catalyst gives tetrahydrogeraniol.
The structure and mechanism of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a type of geranyltranstransferase, is well characterized. FPPS is a ~30 kDa Mg 2+ dependent homodimeric enzyme that synthesizes (E, E)-farnesyl pyrophosphate in a successive manner from two equivalents of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
IPP and DMAPP condense to give geranyl pyrophosphate, the precursor to monoterpenes and monoterpenoids. Geranyl pyrophosphate is also converted to farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, respectively C 15 and C 20 precursors to sesquiterpenes and diterpenes (as well as sesequiterpenoids and diterpenoids). [2]
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate converts to geranyl pyrophosphate, the precursor to tens of thousands of terpeness and terpenoids. [9] [10] Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) condense to produce geranyl pyrophosphate, precursor to all terpenes and terpenoids.
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GGPS1 gene. [5] [6] [7] Function.
Geranyl pyrophosphate is the precursor to monoterpenes (and hence monoterpenoids). [2] Elimination of the pyrophosphate group from geranyl pyrophosphate leads to the formation of acyclic monoterpenes such as ocimene and the myrcenes .