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Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate .
The majority of biological samples that are used in research are kept in a buffer solution, often phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. In industry, buffering agents are used in fermentation processes and in setting the correct conditions for dyes used in colouring fabrics.
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a sewage treatment configuration applied to activated sludge systems for the removal of phosphate. [1]The common element in EBPR implementations is the presence of an anaerobic tank (nitrate and oxygen are absent) prior to the aeration tank.
"The pH of the 10x stock solution of PBS is ~6.8, but when diluted with water to 1x PBS it should change to 7.4." This line is incorrect, surely? Buffer pH is not dependent on ion concentration, it should stay the same at 10x dilution. The 10x stocks you can buy are all pH 7.4.
TCEP is often used as a reducing agent to break disulfide bonds within and between proteins as a preparatory step for gel electrophoresis.. Compared to the other two most common agents used for this purpose (dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol), TCEP has the advantages of being odorless, a more powerful reducing agent, an irreversible reducing agent (in the sense that TCEP does not ...
It is usually used as a 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), that is approx. 3.7%–4.0% formaldehyde in phosphate buffer, pH 7. Since formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, formalin – formaldehyde gas dissolved in water (~37% w/v) – is used when making the former fixative.
Historically, the hyperaccumulation of phosphate by Ca. Accumulibacter was seen as a stress response, but currently it is suggested that this behavior may play an ecological role. [12] In combination with Ca. Phosphoribacter, these two PAOs are considered to account for 24-70% of phosphorus removed from wastewater during treatment processing. [7]
However, there is a limit on the amount of phosphate which can be added to the environment due to the issue of eutrophication. [5] Phosphate is often adsorbed onto the surface of different type of minerals, for example iron containing minerals. Recent data suggest that bacteria growing under phosphorus starvation release iron-chelating molecules.