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Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), theorized in the 1970s, occurs when a pregnant woman uses cocaine including crack cocaine and thereby exposes her fetus to the drug.Babies whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant supposedly have increased risk of several different health issues during growth and development and are colloquially known as crack babies.
Women should speak to their doctor or healthcare professional before starting or stopping any medications while pregnant. [1] Drugs taken in pregnancy including over-the counter-medications, prescription medications, nutritional supplements, recreational drugs, and illicit drugs may cause harm to the mother or the unborn child.
Opioids can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers, which poses risks to fetuses and newborns exposed to these drugs before birth. This exposure to opioids during pregnancy can lead to potential obstetric complications, including spontaneous abortion, abruption of the placenta, pre-eclampsia, prelabor rupture of membranes, and fetal death.
Two grams of crack cocaine. Crack cocaine, commonly known simply as crack, and also known as rock, is a free base form of the stimulant cocaine that can be smoked. Crack offers a short, intense high to smokers. The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine. [1]
An additional 237 million men and 46 million women have alcohol use disorder as of 2016. [18] In 2017, substance use disorders from illicit substances directly resulted in 585,000 deaths. [17] Direct deaths from drug use, other than alcohol, have increased over 60 percent from 2000 to 2015. [19]
More people in the U.S. are overdosing from cocaine, methamphetamine and prescription stimulants and there's no approved medication to help them get off the drugs.
Co-occurring psychiatric disorders are more common among women than men who abuse substances; women more frequently use substances to reduce the negative effects of these co-occurring disorders. Substance abuse puts both men and women at higher risk for perpetration and victimization of sexual violence. [108]
Long term effects vary by the substance that the neonate gets exposed to but they most commonly have been shown to affect growth, behavior, cognitive function, vision problems, motor problems, language, academic achievement, otitis media (infection or inflammation of the middel ear), and predisposition to self utilization of drugs.