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Pulmonary crackles are abnormal breath sounds that were formerly referred to as rales. [2] Bilateral crackles refers to the presence of crackles in both lungs. Basal crackles are crackles apparently originating in or near the base of the lung.
Respiratory sounds, also known as lung sounds or breath sounds, are the specific sounds generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system. [1] These may be easily audible or identified through auscultation of the respiratory system through the lung fields with a stethoscope as well as from the spectral characteristics of lung sounds. [2]
Shortness of breath out of proportion to effort being expended. [2] [7] Rapid, heavy or uneven breathing, or uncontrollable coughing. [10] Crackles, rattling or ‘junky’ feelings deep in the chest associated with breathing effort – usually progressively worsening with increasing shortness of breath and may be cause for a panic attack [2] [7]
Other signs include end-inspiratory crackles (crackling sounds heard at the end of a deep breath) on auscultation and the presence of a third heart sound. [3] Shortness of breath can manifest as orthopnea (inability to breathe sufficiently when lying down flat) and/or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (episodes of severe sudden breathlessness at ...
On physical exam, increased breathing rates, increased heart rates, and a low-grade fever 38.5 o C (101.3 o F) are common. [9] [3] Listening to the lungs may reveal crackles in one or both lungs, often starting in the right middle lobe.
The condition may also occur when a fractured rib punctures a lung; [9] in fact, 27% of patients who have rib fractures also have subcutaneous emphysema. [11] Rib fractures may tear the parietal pleura, the membrane lining the inside of chest wall, allowing air to escape into the subcutaneous tissues. [13]