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Bootstrap (formerly Twitter Bootstrap) is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive, mobile-first front-end web development. It contains HTML , CSS and (optionally) JavaScript -based design templates for typography , forms , buttons , navigation , and other interface components.
From the late 2000s onward, the intensive use of the Web by mobile agents motivated "liquid layouts" and responsive elements for the growing variety of screen sizes. [5] In the 2010s, the intensive use of popular JavaScript layout frameworks, such as Bootstrap, inspired CSS flex-box and grid layout specifications. [6]
Two notable and widely used examples are Bootstrap and Foundation. CSS frameworks offer different modules and tools: reset style sheet; grid especially for responsive web design; web typography; set of icons in sprites or icon fonts; styling for tooltips, buttons, elements of forms
The first comprehensive draft of a grid layout for CSS was created by Phil Cupp at Microsoft in 2011 and implemented in Internet Explorer 10 behind a -ms-vendor prefix.The syntax was restructured and further refined through several iterations in the CSS Working Group, led primarily by Elika Etemad and Tab Atkins Jr.
A media query consists of a media type and one or more expressions, involving media features, which resolve to either true or false.The result of the query is true if the media type specified in the media query matches the type of device the document is being displayed on and all expressions in the media query are true.
With continuing development for mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, designers need to ensure that their site comes up correctly in browsers on all devices. This can be done by creating a responsive web design using stylesheets in CSS.
The Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) specification describes how elements of web pages are displayed by graphical browsers. Section 4 of the CSS1 specification defines a "formatting model" that gives block-level elements—such as p and blockquote—a width and height, and three levels of boxes surrounding it: padding, borders, and margins. [4]
Luke Wroblewski has summarized some of the RWD and mobile design challenges and created a catalog of multi-device layout patterns. [15] [16] [17] He suggested that, compared with a simple HWD approach [clarification needed], device experience or RESS (responsive web design with server-side components) approaches can provide a user experience that is better optimized for mobile devices.