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Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. [1] It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. [ 2 ]
The condition is frequently, though not always, associated with anencephaly. The fetus is said to have acrania if it meets the following criteria: the fetus should have a perfectly normal facial bone, a normal cervical column but without the fetal skull and a volume of brain tissue equivalent to at least one-third of the normal brain size. [2]
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spine or cranium remains from early in human development. In the third week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the neural tube.
Hydranencephaly is an extreme form of porencephaly, which is characterized by a cyst or cavity in the cerebral hemispheres. [citation needed]Although the exact cause of hydranencephaly remains undetermined in most cases, the most likely general cause is by vascular insult, such as stroke, injury, intrauterine infections, or traumatic disorders after the first trimester of pregnancy.
Ultrasound examination may also detect the problem. Medical imaging can confirm the diagnosis after birth. [5] Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect related to but distinct from other types such as anencephaly and encephalocele. [13] Most cases of spina bifida can be prevented if the mother gets enough folate before and during pregnancy. [3]
Then at 20 weeks, she went in for an ultrasound. The technician left the room and came back with the doctor. They told them the baby had anencephaly, which means she was missing parts of her skull ...
While anencephaly experiences a partial to total lack of the neurocranium, iniencephaly does not. In anencephaly, the retroflexed head is not covered with skin while in iniencephaly, the retroflexed head is covered with skin entirely. Cervical vertebrae are malformed and reduced in iniencephaly while they are almost normal in anencephaly.
The presumed pathogenesis of acalvaria is the faulty migration of the membranous neurocranium with normal placement of the embryonic ectoderm, resulting in the absence of the calvaria, but with an intact layer of skin over the brain parenchyma. In other words, instead of having a skull cap protecting the brain, there is only skin covering it. [1]