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They are mostly caused by low levels of female sex hormones (e.g. estrogens) that occur during menopause. [1] [2] Estrogens and progestogens are the main hormone drugs used in HRT. Progesterone is the main female sex hormone that occurs naturally and is also manufactured into a drug that is used in menopausal hormone therapy. [1]
Synthetic estrogens have markedly stronger effects on the liver and hepatic protein synthesis than natural estrogens. [1] [87] [88] [86] [89] This is related to the fact that synthetic estrogens like ethinylestradiol are much more resistant to metabolism in the liver than natural estrogens. [1] [90] [89
Femarelle has been tested in small clinical trials. One studied its effect on the tissue lining the vagina, another on relief of hot flashes in menopause, and another on the risk of causing blood clots, which is a risk of hormone replacement therapy. While results were promising, the studies were too small and too short in duration from which ...
Estradiol acetate is a synthetic estrane steroid and the C3 acetate ester of estradiol. [3] It is also known as estradiol 3-acetate or as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 3-acetate. [ 3 ] Another common ester of estradiol in use for oral administration is estradiol valerate , which is a C17β ester of estradiol.
Tibolone is a synthetic steroid with weak estrogenic, progestogenic, and androgenic activity, and hence is an agonist of the estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors. [13] [1] [8] [6] It is a prodrug of several metabolites. [1] [13] [14] The estrogenic effects of tibolone may show tissue selectivity in their distribution. [13] [15] [14] [16]
Three groups of 12 female rats were given either ethinyl estradiol a synthetic estrogen with dienogest, a progestin often combined with it in oral combined hormonal contraception, or estradiol ...