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Divina proportione (15th century Italian for Divine proportion), later also called De divina proportione (converting the Italian title into a Latin one) is a book on mathematics written by Luca Pacioli and illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci, completed by February 9th, 1498 [1] in Milan and first printed in 1509. [2]
Many books produced between 1550 and 1770 show these proportions exactly, to within half a millimeter. [82] According to some sources, the golden ratio is used in everyday design, for example in the proportions of playing cards, postcards, posters, light switch plates, and widescreen televisions. [83]
As another example, Carlos Chanfón Olmos states that the sculpture of King Gudea (c. 2350 BC) has golden proportions between all of its secondary elements repeated many times at its base. [3] The Great Pyramid of Giza (constructed c. 2570 BC by Hemiunu) exhibits the golden ratio according to various pyramidologists, including Charles Funck-Hellet.
book about the history and culture of Unix programming by Eric S. Raymond (with added proviso) CC BY-ND 1.0 [6] A Briefer History of Time: 1999: 2004 [7] science humor book by Eric Schulman: CC BY-ND-NC 1.0: Archimedes Palimpsest: 3rd century BC: 2008: reconstructed and released by OPenn as Free Cultural Works: CC BY [8] [9] [10] Free Culture: 2004
Other scholars argue that until Pacioli's work in 1509, the golden ratio was unknown to artists and architects. [53] For example, the height and width of the front of Notre-Dame of Laon have the ratio 8/5 or 1.6, not 1.618. Such Fibonacci ratios quickly become hard to distinguish from the golden ratio. [54]
Human proportions marked out in an illustration from a 20th-century anatomy text-book. Hermann Braus, 1921 Drawing of a human male, showing the order of measurement in preparation for a figurative art work (Lantéri, 1903) [1] It is usually important in figure drawing to draw the human figure in proportion.
Illustration of the phalanges of a human hand Despite the many advances made by modern scholars towards a clearer comprehension of the theoretical basis of the Canon of Polykleitos, the results of these studies show an absence of any general agreement upon the practical application of that canon in works of art.
A data set would correspond to a list of towns. In geology, a rock composed of different minerals may be a compositional data point in a sample of rocks; a rock of which 10% is the first mineral, 30% is the second, and the remaining 60% is the third would correspond to the triple [0.1, 0.3, 0.6].