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SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, and the original SARS-CoV. Like the SARS-related coronavirus implicated in the 2003 SARS outbreak, SARS‑CoV‑2 is a member of the subgenus Sarbecovirus (beta-CoV lineage B). Coronaviruses undergo frequent recombination.
Antiviral development for SARS-CoV-2 has been disappointing. [38] In January 2020, research into potential treatments started, [ 39 ] and several antiviral drugs were in clinical trials. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] In February 2020 with 'no known effective' treatments, the WHO recommended volunteers take part in trials of the effectiveness and safety of ...
SARS‑CoV‑2 is a strain of the species Betacoronavirus pandemicum (SARSr-CoV), as is SARS-CoV-1, the virus that caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. [ 2 ] [ 17 ] There are animal-borne coronavirus strains more closely related to SARS-CoV-2, the most closely known relative being the BANAL-52 bat coronavirus.
As of July 2022, no nirmatrelvir/ritonavir drug resistant SARS-CoV-2 had been observed in clinical context. [47] The engineering of a nirmatrelvir-resistant chimera of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) under laboratory conditions was published without formal peer review in July 2022. [ 48 ]
The binding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through ACE2 receptors present in heart tissue may be responsible for direct viral injury leading to myocarditis. [48] In a study done during the SARS outbreak, SARS virus RNA was ascertained in the autopsy of heart specimens in 35% of the patients who died due to SARS. [51]
Ensitrelvir has been investigated for use as potential post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for SARS-CoV-2 infection. [20] [21] The SCORPIO-PEP trial, a global Phase 3 study, assessed the safety and efficacy of ensitrelvir in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 among household contacts of individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the host factor that SARS-CoV-2 virus targets causing COVID‑19. Theoretically, the usage of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and ACE inhibitors upregulating ACE2 expression might increase morbidity with COVID‑19, though animal data suggest some potential protective effect of ARB; however ...
SCB-2019 has a trimeric form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-Trimer) combined with one of two different adjuvants AS03 (GlaxoSmithKline) or CpG/Alum (Dynavax). [ 12 ] [ 3 ] The vaccine displays the spike protein in its natural three-part form, leading to a potentially better immune response. [ 6 ]