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This ArKO knockout strategy has provided a model to examine the physiological impact of lower than normal amounts of estrogen. [25] Studies with ArKO mice have been used to show that varying levels of estrogen affect the onset of OCD behaviors. Lower amounts of estrogen are associated with an increase of OCD behaviors in males more than females ...
The model suggests that many conditions overlap with OCD in symptomatic profile, demographics, family history, neurobiology, comorbidity, clinical course and response to various pharmacotherapies. [1] Conditions described as being on the spectrum are sometimes referred to as obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders.
Inference-based therapy was developed in the late 1990s for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. [3] [4] Initially, the model was developed mostly for obsessive-compulsive disorder with overt compulsions and for individuals presenting obsessive-compulsive disorder with overvalued ideas (i.e., obsessions with a bizarre content and strongly invested by the individual, such as feeling dirty ...
The Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) is a 20-item self-report instrument that assesses the severity of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms along four empirically supported theme-based dimensions: (a) contamination, (b) responsibility for harm and mistakes, (c) incompleteness/symmetry, and (d) unacceptable (taboo) thoughts. [1]
For people with primarily obsessional OCD, there are fewer observable compulsions, compared to those commonly seen with the typical form of OCD (checking, counting, hand-washing, etc.). While ritualizing and neutralizing behaviors do take place, they are mostly cognitive in nature, involving mental avoidance and excessive rumination . [ 3 ]
The American Psychiatric Association recommends ERP for the treatment of OCD, citing that ERP has the richest empirical support. [25] As of 2019, ERP is considered a first-line psychotherapy for OCD. [21] [26] A 2024 systamtic review found that ERP is highly effective in treating pediatric OCD using both in-person and telehealth-based ...
Therefore, OCD is considered as a belief disorder alike delusion highlighting the role of non-phobic factors in the onset and maintenance of this disorder. [7] Aardema et al. (2005) developed the inferential questionnaire to further expand on the construct of inferential confusion by collecting data from participants suffering from OCD.
Wells proposed that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a specific type of metacognitive belief concerning the dangerousness and significance of intrusive thoughts. These meta-beliefs are termed thought-fusion beliefs, and can be measured by the 14 item Thought Fusion Instrument (TFI; Wells, Gwilliam, & Cartwright-Hatton, 2001).