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Systematic generalizations of this basic definition define the multiplication of integers (including negative numbers), rational numbers (fractions), and real numbers. Multiplication can also be visualized as counting objects arranged in a rectangle (for whole numbers) or as finding the area of a rectangle whose sides have some given lengths.
The multiplication of two real numbers a and b produce a real number denoted , or , which is the product of a and b. Addition and multiplication are both commutative , which means that a + b = b + a {\displaystyle a+b=b+a} and a b = b a {\displaystyle ab=ba} for every real numbers a and b .
This is always a non-negative real number, and it is the same as the Euclidean norm on considered as the vector space . Multiplying a quaternion by a real number scales its norm by the absolute value of the number. That is, if α is real, then
A common method employed by computers to approximate real number arithmetic is called floating-point arithmetic. It represents real numbers similar to the scientific notation through three numbers: a significand, a base, and an exponent. [119] The precision of the significand is limited by the number of bits allocated to represent it.
Programming languages that support arbitrary precision computations, either built-in, or in the standard library of the language: Ada: the upcoming Ada 202x revision adds the Ada.Numerics.Big_Numbers.Big_Integers and Ada.Numerics.Big_Numbers.Big_Reals packages to the standard library, providing arbitrary precision integers and real numbers.
In arbitrary-precision arithmetic, it is common to use long multiplication with the base set to 2 w, where w is the number of bits in a word, for multiplying relatively small numbers. To multiply two numbers with n digits using this method, one needs about n 2 operations.
When multiplication is mentioned in elementary mathematics, it usually refers to this kind of multiplication. From the point of view of algebra, the real numbers form a field, which ensures the validity of the distributive law. First example (mental and written multiplication)
For multiplication, the most straightforward algorithms used for multiplying numbers by hand (as taught in primary school) require (N 2) operations, but multiplication algorithms that achieve O(N log(N) log(log(N))) complexity have been devised, such as the Schönhage–Strassen algorithm, based on fast Fourier transforms, and there are also ...