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  2. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely. The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but it is possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same state of matter.

  3. Plasma (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)

    Plasma is called the fourth state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] It is a state of matter in which an ionized substance becomes highly electrically conductive to the point that long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behaviour.

  4. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    This is a derivative of the quantum Hall state of matter. Quantum anomalous Hall state: A state which has a quantized Hall resistance even in the absence of external magnetic field. Topological insulator: a material whose interior behaves as an electrical insulator while its surface behaves as an electrical conductor.

  5. Phase transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

    In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma.

  6. Matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter

    Hydrogen in its plasma state is the most abundant ordinary matter in the universe.. In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. [1]

  7. Plasma medicine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_medicine

    Plasma, often called the fourth state of matter, is an ionized gas containing positive ions and negative ions or electrons, but is approximately charge neutral on the whole. The plasma sources used for plasma medicine are generally low temperature plasmas, and they generate ions, chemically reactive atoms and molecules, and UV-photons.

  8. Branches of physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_physics

    astrophysics, the physics in the universe, including the properties and interactions of celestial bodies in astronomy; atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere; space physics is the study of plasmas as they occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (aeronomy) and within the Solar System

  9. Plasma parameters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_parameters

    The plasma collisionality is defined as [4] [5] =, where denotes the electron-ion collision frequency, is the major radius of the plasma, is the inverse aspect-ratio, and is the safety factor. The plasma parameters m i {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {i} }} and T i {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {i} }} denote, respectively, the mass and temperature of the ...