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The notable unsolved problems in statistics are generally of a different flavor; according to John Tukey, [1] "difficulties in identifying problems have delayed statistics far more than difficulties in solving problems." A list of "one or two open problems" (in fact 22 of them) was given by David Cox. [2]
An advantage of working with grouped data is that one can test the goodness of fit of the model; [2] for example, grouped data may exhibit overdispersion relative to the variance estimated from the ungrouped data.
A frequency distribution shows a summarized grouping of data divided into mutually exclusive classes and the number of occurrences in a class. It is a way of showing unorganized data notably to show results of an election, income of people for a certain region, sales of a product within a certain period, student loan amounts of graduates, etc.
Yet another example of grouping the data is the use of some commonly used numerical values, which are in fact "names" we assign to the categories. For example, let us look at the age distribution of the students in a class. The students may be 10 years old, 11 years old or 12 years old. These are the age groups, 10, 11, and 12.
The problem of censored data, in which the observed value of some variable is partially known, is related to the problem of missing data, where the observed value of some variable is unknown. Censoring should not be confused with the related idea truncation.
List of unsolved problems may refer to several notable conjectures or open problems in various academic fields: Natural sciences, engineering and medicine
The term p-hacking (in reference to p-values) was coined in a 2014 paper by the three researchers behind the blog Data Colada, which has been focusing on uncovering such problems in social sciences research. [3] [4] [5] Data dredging is an example of disregarding the multiple comparisons problem. One form is when subgroups are compared without ...
Various approximate methods have been developed, but none has good properties for all possible models and data sets (e.g. ungrouped binary data are particularly problematic). For this reason, methods involving numerical quadrature or Markov chain Monte Carlo have increased in use, as increasing computing power and advances in methods have made ...