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  2. Voltage-controlled oscillator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator

    A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input. The applied input voltage determines the instantaneous oscillation frequency. Consequently, a VCO can be used for frequency modulation (FM) or phase modulation (PM) by applying a modulating signal to the control input.

  3. Operational transconductance amplifier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_trans...

    Unlike the traditional op-amp, it has two additional biasing inputs, I abc and I bias. The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is an amplifier that outputs a current proportional to its input voltage. Thus, it is a voltage controlled current source (VCCS). Three types of OTAs are single-input single-output, differential-input single ...

  4. Colpitts oscillator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpitts_oscillator

    The Colpitts circuit, like other LC oscillators, consists of a gain device (such as a bipolar junction transistor, field-effect transistor, operational amplifier, or vacuum tube) with its output connected to its input in a feedback loop containing a parallel LC circuit (tuned circuit), which functions as a bandpass filter to set the frequency of oscillation.

  5. Multivibrator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivibrator

    monostable multivibrator using op-amp. The circuit is useful for generating single output pulse of adjustable time duration in response to a triggering signal. The width of the output pulse depends only on external components connected to the op-amp. A diode D1 clamps the capacitor voltage to 0.7 V when the output is at +Vsat.

  6. Operational amplifier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier

    Pins are labeled as listed above. An operational amplifier (often op amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input, a (usually) single-ended output, [1] and an extremely high gain. Its name comes from its original use of performing mathematical operations in analog computers.

  7. Costas loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas_loop

    A Costas loop is a phase-locked loop (PLL) based circuit which is used for carrier frequency recovery from suppressed-carrier modulation signals (e.g. double- sideband suppressed carrier signals) and phase modulation signals (e.g. BPSK, QPSK). It was invented by John P. Costas at General Electric in the 1950s. [1][2] Its invention was described ...

  8. Digitally controlled oscillator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitally_controlled...

    Digitally controlled oscillator. A digitally controlled oscillator or DCO is used in synthesizers, microcontrollers, and software-defined radios. The name is analogous with "voltage-controlled oscillator". DCOs were designed to overcome the tuning stability limitations of early VCO designs.

  9. TL431 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL431

    The TL431 integrated circuit (IC) is a three-terminal adjustable precise shunt voltage regulator. With the use of an external voltage divider, a TL431 can regulate voltages ranging from 2.495 to 36 V, at currents up 100 mA. The typical initial deviation of reference voltage from the nominal 2.495 V level is measured in millivolts, the maximum ...