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Chemical synthesis (chemical combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products. [1] This occurs by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory uses, the process is reproducible and reliable. A chemical synthesis involves one or more compounds ...
Due to more powerful genetic engineering capabilities and decreased DNA synthesis and sequencing costs, the field of synthetic biology is rapidly growing. In 2016, more than 350 companies across 40 countries were actively engaged in synthetic biology applications; all these companies had an estimated net worth of $3.9 billion in the global ...
In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.
Biosynthesis, the creation of an organic compound in a living organism, usually aided by enzymes. Photosynthesis, a biochemical reaction using a carbon molecule to produce an organic molecule, using sunlight as a catalyst. Chemosynthesis, the synthesis of biological compounds into organic waste, using methane or an oxidized molecule as a catalyst.
ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P i). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is: ADP + P i + 2H +out ⇌ ATP + H 2 O + 2H +in.
Dialectical materialism is a materialist theory based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that has found widespread applications in a variety of philosophical disciplines ranging from philosophy of history to philosophy of science. [ 1 ][ 2 ] As a materialist philosophy, Marxist dialectics emphasizes the importance of real-world ...
Convergent synthesis. In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multistep synthesis, most often in organic synthesis. In this type of synthesis several individual pieces of a complex molecule are synthesized in stage one, and then in stage two these pieces are combined to form the final product. [1]
The modern synthesis[a] was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel 's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. The synthesis combined the ideas of natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and ...