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Clonidine has some role in the treatment of spasticity, acting principally by inhibiting excessive sensory transmission below the level of injury [clarify]. Its use, however, is mainly as a second or third line agent, due to side effects such as hypotension, bradycardia, and drowsiness. [42]
Alpha-1 blocker. Alpha-1 blockers (also called alpha-adrenergic blocking agents or alpha-1 antagonists) constitute a variety of drugs that block the effect of catecholamines on alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. They are mainly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hypertension and post-traumatic stress disorder. [1]
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the G i heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, including α 2A -, α 2B -, and α 2C -adrenergic. Some species other than humans express a fourth α 2D -adrenergic receptor as well. [1]
Alpha blockers work by blocking the effect of nerves in the sympathetic nervous system. This is done by binding to the alpha receptors in smooth muscle or blood vessels. [37] α-blockers can bind both reversibly and irreversibly. [2] There are several α receptors throughout the body where these drugs can bind.
Imidazoline receptors are the primary receptors on which clonidine and other imidazolines act. [1] [2] [3] There are three main classes of imidazoline receptor: I 1 is involved in inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system to lower blood pressure, [4] I 2 has as yet uncertain functions but is implicated in several psychiatric conditions, [5] [6] and I 3 regulates insulin secretion.
Moxonidine (INN) is a new-generation alpha-2/imidazoline receptor agonist antihypertensive drug licensed for the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension. [5][6] It may have a role when thiazides, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers are not appropriate or have failed to control blood pressure.
An adrenergic antagonist is a drug that inhibits the function of adrenergic receptors. There are five adrenergic receptors, which are divided into two groups. The first group of receptors are the beta (β) adrenergic receptors. There are β 1, β 2, and β 3 receptors. The second group contains the alpha (α) adrenoreceptors.
Xylazine is a structural analog of clonidine and an ... but due to hazardous side effects, including hypotension and ... lungs, liver, and kidney. [26] In non ...