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1874 — Herbert McLeod invents the McLeod gauge. 1885 — Calender-Van Duesen invented the platinum resistance temperature device. 1887 — Richard Assmann invents the psychrometer (Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometers) 1892 — Henri-Louis Le Châtelier builds the first optical pyrometer.
1870 – Clausius proves the scalar virial theorem. 1872 – Ludwig Boltzmann states the Boltzmann equation for the temporal development of distribution functions in phase space, and publishes his H-theorem. 1873 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals formulates his equation of state. 1874 – Thomson formally states the second law of thermodynamics.
Thermoscope. A thermoscope is a device that shows changes in temperature. A typical design is a tube in which a liquid rises and falls as the temperature changes. The modern thermometer gradually evolved from it with the addition of a scale in the early 17th century and standardisation throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. [ 1 ][ 2 ]
A medical/clinical thermometer showing the temperature of 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) Temperature measurement (also known as thermometry) describes the process of measuring a current temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends.
The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, –459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry , thermodynamics , statistical physics and calorimetry , that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.
A risen orange orb denotes 24 °C. A Galileo thermometer (or Galilean thermometer) is a thermometer made of a sealed glass cylinder containing a clear liquid and several glass vessels of varying density. The individual floats rise or fall in proportion to their respective density and the density of the surrounding liquid as the temperature changes.
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...
The first clear diagram of a thermoscope was published in 1617 by Giuseppe Biancani (1566 – 1624); [2]: 10 the first showing a scale and thus constituting a thermometer was by Santorio Santorio in 1625. [5] This was a vertical tube, closed by a bulb of air at the top, with the lower end opening into a vessel of water.