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Second Thoughts on James Burnham. " Second Thoughts on James Burnham " (" James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution ", when published as a pamphlet [1]) is an essay, first published in May 1946 in Polemic, by the English author George Orwell. The essay discusses works written by James Burnham, an American political theorist.
James Burnham (November 22, 1905 – July 28, 1987) was an American philosopher and political theorist. He chaired the New York University Department of Philosophy ; his first book was An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis (1931).
The Managerial Revolution: What is Happening in the World is a book written by James Burnham in 1941. It discusses the rise of managers and technocrats in modern industrial societies , arguing that they would replace the traditional capitalist class as the rulers of the economic system, though mechanisms such as economic planning .
In his essay Second Thoughts on James Burnham, George Orwell summarises Burnham's ideas in The Managerial Revolution and The Machiavellians and highlights inconsistencies. Orwell concludes that Burnham may be right in identifying a general drift towards oligarchy with the concentration of industrial and financial power, and the development of ...
In Defence of Marxism is a posthumous collection of philosophical texts written by Russian revolutionary, Leon Trotsky, between 1939-40. [1] In a series of polemical articles, Trotsky examines issues related to the class nature of the Soviet state, the philosophy of dialectical materialism and party factions in the American Socialist Workers Party.
Nevertheless, Orwell momentarily continued to uphold his optimistic vision of socialism; in "Second Thoughts on James Burnham", a review of the titular author's works on managerialism, he criticised Burnham for his conservatism and pessimism. [6] But by the end of World War II, Orwell's health was deteriorating and his wife Eileen Blair had died.
"Second Thoughts on James Burnham" (Polemic, No 3 - May 1946) "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (Polemic, No 5 - September–October 1946) "Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool" (Polemic, No 7) Orwell also contributed an (unsigned) editorial to (Polemic, No 3 - May 1946) Ayer's essays
Alex Woloch, meanwhile, suggests the title—and similar titles, including "Some Thoughts on the Common Toad", "Second Thoughts on James Burnham" and Notes on Nationalism—indicates the importance of the process of thinking, or reflecting, in Orwell's work, and serves "to divide the focus between process and object, means and end". [19]