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The decline of imperial power initially allowed the pope to assert greater independence. However, beginning in 962, the Holy Roman Emperor assumed control over papal elections and the appointment of bishops, reinforcing imperial authority over the Church. [1] In response to this, the Gregorian Reform commenced in the mid-11th century.
The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. [1][2] Fought after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517, the wars disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe, or Christendom. Other motives during the wars involved revolt, territorial ...
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598. Between two and four million people died from violence, famine or disease directly caused by the conflict, and it severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. [1] One of its most notorious episodes was the ...
Woodcut of a medieval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office, Philip Van Ness Myers, 1905. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest (‹See Tfd› German: Investiturstreit, pronounced [ɪnvɛstiˈtuːɐ̯ˌʃtʁaɪt] ⓘ) was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops (investiture) [1] and abbots of ...
For the 1376–1419 schism in the Catholic Church, which is sometimes also called the Great Schism, see Western Schism. The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054. [ 1 ]
The church had attempted unsuccessfully to institute the United Order numerous times, most recently during the Mormon Reformation. In 1874, Young once again attempted to establish a permanent Order, which he now called the "United Order of Enoch" in at least 200 Mormon communities, beginning in St. George, Utah on February 9, 1874.
Looting of a church during the Revolution, by Swebach-Desfontaines (c. 1793). The aim of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France during the French Revolution ranged from the appropriation by the government of the great landed estates and the large amounts of money held by the Catholic Church to the termination of Christian religious practice and of the religion ...
[20]: 133 The church took its universally held traditional interpretation of Revelation 20:4-6 (Millennialism) and its hope of the thousand-year reign of the Messiah on earth, centered in Jerusalem, ruling with the redeemed Israel, [20]: 3 and replaced it with a "historicized and allegorized version, that set up the church" as the metaphorical ...