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The autophagic process is divided into five distinct stages: Initiation, phagophore nucleation, autophagosomal formation (elongation), autophagosome-lysosome fusion (autophagolysosome) and cargo degradation. [1] An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes. [2]
Autophagy degrades damaged organelles, cell membranes and proteins, and insufficient autophagy is thought to be one of the main reasons for the accumulation of damaged cells and aging. [87] Autophagy and autophagy regulators are involved in response to lysosomal damage, often directed by galectins such as galectin-3 and galectin-8 .
The omegasome is a cell organelle consisting of lipid bilayer membranes enriched for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (abbreviated PI(3)P or PtdIns3P), and related to a process of autophagy. [1] It is a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), [ 2 ] and has a morphology resembling the Greek capital letter Omega (Ω).
MAP1LC3B is a member of the highly conserved ATG8 protein family. ATG8 proteins are present in all known eukaryotic organisms. The animal ATG8 family comprises three subfamilies: (i) microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3); (ii) Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa (GATE-16); and (iii) γ-amino-butyric acid receptor-associate protein ().
Membrane association is achieved by coupling Atg8 to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) which is a lipid constituent of plasma membranes. This post-translational modification process, called lipidation, is performed by the Atg8 conjugation system comprising the cysteine protease ATG4 (belonging to the caspase family), as well as the proteins ATG7 ...
"That has a lot to do with their anatomy and physiology and the way that their brains and their pain receptors are structured," she said. Sharks and rays do not possess nociceptors, which ...
Goss was the esteemed editor of the 25th edition of the seminal classic Gray’s Anatomy. Internationally lauded as the authority on all things anatomical, Gray’s Anatomy had been considered essential for any would-be physician to own since it was first published in London in 1858. It was written by Dr. Henry Gray and illustrated by Henry ...
[7] [8] The sequence associates with the ubiquitin- proteasome system, UPS, required for the unique development of an autophagosomal membrane and fusion within cells. [9] ATG7 was identified based on homology to yeast cells Pichia pastoris GSA7 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae APG7. The protein appears to be required for fusion of peroxisomal and ...