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Fig. 2. Flow-related signal loss in the carotid and basillary arteries (T2 axial study of the brain). [1]Flow can manifest as either an altered intravascular signal (flow enhancement or flow-related signal loss), or as flow-related artifacts (ghost images or spatial misregistration).
Velocity encoding (VENC), measured in cm/s, is directly related to the properties of the bipolar gradient. The VENC is used as the highest estimated fluid velocity in PC-MRI. Underestimating VENC leads to aliasing artifacts, as any velocity slightly higher than the VENC value has the opposite sign phase shift.
This artifact can be a consequence of environmental factors or the human body (such as blood flow, implants, etc.). Ghosting is a multidimensional artifact that occurs in the MRI in the phase-encoded direction (short axis of the image) after applying the Fourier transform.
Motion artifact (T1 coronal study of cervical vertebrae) [142] An MRI artifact is a visual artifact, that is, an anomaly during visual representation. Many different artifacts can occur during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some affecting the diagnostic quality, while others may be confused with pathology.
Requirements traceability is a sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering.Traceability as a general term is defined by the IEEE Systems and Software Engineering Vocabulary [1] as (1) the degree to which a relationship can be established between two or more products of the development process, especially products having a predecessor-successor ...
They were found on a mountain pass frequented by Vikings 1,000 years ago, researchers said.
Charmstone (charm-stone and charm stone), a stone or mineral artifact associated with various traditional cultures, including those of Scotland and the native cultures of California and the American southwest. Snakestones (also Serpentstones), fossilised ammonites were thought to be petrified coiled snakes, and were called snakestones.
SWI uses a fully flow compensated, long echo, gradient recalled echo (GRE) pulse sequence to acquire images. This method exploits the susceptibility differences between tissues and uses the phase image to detect these differences. The magnitude and phase data are combined to produce an enhanced contrast magnitude image.