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The Emancipation Proclamation did not free all slaves in the U.S., contrary to a common misconception; it applied in the ten states that were still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, but it did not cover the nearly 500,000 slaves in the slaveholding border states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) or in parts of Virginia and Louisiana ...
Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the border states, because they were not in rebellion. Of the states that were exempted from the proclamation, Maryland (1864), [ 8 ] Missouri [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and Tennessee (January 1865), [ 10 ] and West Virginia (February 1865) [ 11 ] abolished slavery before the war ended.
[31] [32] The slave states that stayed in the Union – Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky (called border states) – retained their representatives in the U.S. Congress. By the time the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in 1863, Tennessee was already under Union control. [33]
The Emancipation Proclamation changed that, however, and explicitly redirected the struggle toward ending slavery in the United States. However, the language of the Proclamation was limited in scope.
Lincoln followed up on January 1, 1863 by formally issuing the final version of the Emancipation Proclamation, announcing that all slaves within the rebel states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
Because the Emancipation Proclamation, which was issued on January 1, 1863, applied only to states "in rebellion", it did not apply in the border states, nor in Tennessee, because Tennessee was already under Union control. [10] During the war, the abolition of slavery was required by President Abraham Lincoln for the readmission of Confederate ...
Slaves in the border states and those in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or (on December 6, 1865) by the Thirteenth Amendment. [262] [263] The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army. About 190,000 ...
By mid-1861, eleven states had seceded, but four more slave-owning "border states" remained in the Union, Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware. Kentucky was considered the most at risk; the state legislature had declared neutrality in the dispute, which was seen as a moderately pro-Confederate stance.