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Surgeries for female-to-male transgender patients have similarities to both gynecomastia surgeries for cisgender men, [2] breast reduction surgery for gigantomastia, and the separate mastectomies done for breast cancer. [3] Top surgery involves more than a mastectomy for the treatment of breast cancer. [1]
Metoidioplasty, metaoidioplasty, or metaidoioplasty [2] (informally called a meto or meta) is a female-to-male gender-affirming surgery. [3] Testosterone replacement therapy gradually enlarges the clitoris to a mean maximum size of 4.6 cm (1.8 in) [4] (as the clitoris and the penis are developmentally homologous).
All were performed by Harold Gillies, a New Zealand plastic surgeon, [5] who is sometimes referred to as "the father of modern plastic surgery." [6] It is possible this was the first top surgery performed. In the mid-1970s, Chicago surgeon Dr. Michael Brownstein (having graduated from UCSF) opened a plastic surgery practise in San Francisco. [7]
Female-to-male (FTM) or female-to-non-binary (FTN) top surgery is a type of procedure that involves removing the breast tissue, allowing for a more masculinised chest.
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Almost all female-to-male individuals revealed an increase in sexual excitement and can achieve orgasm through sexual activity with a partner or via masturbation, [85] [76] whereas only 85% of the male-to-female individuals are able to achieve orgasm after gender-affirming surgery. [86]
Top surgery refers to the surgical procedures on the breasts: Mammaplasty. Breast augmentation surgery; Breast reduction surgery; Mastectomy; Gender-affirming surgery. Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male), may include bilateral mastectomy and chest reconstruction; Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female), may include breast augmentation
Lili Elbe was the first well-known recipient of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery, in Germany in 1930, the first being Dora Richter. She was the subject of four surgeries: one for orchiectomy, one to transplant an ovary, one for penectomy, and one for vaginoplasty and a uterus transplant. However, she died three months after her last ...