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  2. Coulomb's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb's_law

    Although the law was known earlier, it was first published in 1785 by French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. Coulomb's law was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism and maybe even its starting point, [1] as it allowed meaningful discussions of the amount of electric charge in a particle. [3]

  3. List of electromagnetism equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electromagnetism...

    Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.

  4. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb

    Collection de mémoires relatifs à la physique (1884) French National Library The Mémoires of Coulomb available in pdf format. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Charles-Augustin de Coulomb", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews; Coulomb's Memoirs on Torsion, Electricity, and Magnetism Translated into English

  5. Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions...

    Several features about Maxwell's equations in the Coulomb gauge are as follows. Firstly, solving for the electric potential is very easy, as the equation is a version of Poisson's equation. Secondly, solving for the magnetic vector potential is particularly difficult. This is the big disadvantage of this gauge.

  6. File:CoulombsLaw.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoulombsLaw.svg

    English: This diagram describes the mechanisms of Coulomb's law in Physics/Electromagnetism; two equal (like) point charges repel each other, and two opposite charges attract each other, with an electrostatic force F which is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between the charges.

  7. Force between magnets - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_between_magnets

    The field due to magnetic charges is obtained through Coulomb's law with magnetic instead of electric charges. If the magnetic pole distribution is known, then the magnetic pole model gives the exact distribution of the magnetic field intensity H both inside and outside the magnet. The surface charge distribution is uniform, if the magnet is ...

  8. Relativistic electromagnetism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_electromagnetism

    One author proclaimed, "Maxwell — Out of Newton, Coulomb, and Einstein". [11] The use of retarded potentials to describe electromagnetic fields from source-charges is an expression of relativistic electromagnetism.

  9. Coulomb barrier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier

    The Coulomb barrier is a type of potential energy barrier, and is central to nuclear fusion. It results from the interplay of two fundamental interactions: the strong interaction at close-range within ≈ 1 femtometre (fm), and the electromagnetic interaction at far-range beyond the Coulomb barrier.